Aspectos clínicos y forenses del color rosa de los dientes: reporte de un caso / Clinical and forensic aspects of the pink color of teeth: report of a case

La coloración rosa de los dientes puede originarse por diferentes factores. En el ámbito forense se ha descrito al fenómeno denominado post mortem pink teeth como un signo asociado a muertes violentas de etiología diversa. En la práctica clínica también es posible observar pacientes con dientes rosados, fre-cuentemente ocasionados por traumatismos o iatro-genia proveniente de ortodoncia, cuyo mecanismo de producción obedece a distintas etiopatogenias, destacándose las reabsorciones dentinarias inter-nas, cemento-dentinarias externas y calcificaciones dentinarias. El presente artículo expone el caso de un individuo adulto con antecedente de trauma óseo-dentario por accidente vial que, luego de un prolon-gado tiempo, asiste al Servicio de Urgencias Odon-tológicas y Orientación de Pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en donde se le detecta, a modo de hallazgo exploratorio, una ostensible coloración rosada en el canino infe-rior derecho. La situación motivó un pormenorizado abordaje clínico y radiográfico, indagando respecto a los probables factores que intervinieron en su ge-neración y desarrollo (AU)

The pink coloration of the teeth can be caused by dif-ferent factors. In the forensic field, the phenomenon called post mortem pink teeth has been described as a sign associated with violent deaths of various etiology. In clinical practice, it is also possible to ob-serve patients with pink teeth, frequently caused by trauma or iatrogenesis from orthodontics, whose production mechanism is due to different etiopatho-genesis, highlighting internal dentin resorption, ex-ternal cemento-dentinal resorption and dentin calci-fications. This article presents the case of an adult individual with a history of bone-dental trauma due to a road accident who, after a long time, attends the Dental Emergency and Patient Guidance Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Bue-nos Aires, where an ostensible pink coloration was detected in the lower right canine as an exploratory finding. The situation motivated a detailed clinical and radiographic approach, inquiring about the probable factors that intervened in its generation and development (AU)

Guided endodontic access of severe calcified tooth without incisal edge ­ case report / Acesso endodôntico guiado de dente calcificado severamente sem borda incisal ­ relato de caso

Pulp tissue may suffer calcification because of trauma, operative procedures or carious lesions. This paper aimed to report and discuss the guided endodontic access as an alternative treatment. A 52 years old female patient had severe root canal calcification of tooth #11 associated with a radiolucent periapical lesion. Firstly, the crown and metal post and core were removed. A digital impression and cone-beam computed tomography "CBCT" scans were performed and imported to implant planning software (SimPlant Version 11; Materialise Dental, Leuven, Belgium).The guided endodontic access template was designed to allow the drill to reach a distance of 2 mm short of the apical foramen, once printed, it was tested in the mouth to evaluate its insertion and stability in the dental arch. The calcified root canal was penetrated using the access drill rotating by a low-speed hand-piece (10,000 rpm) under saline solution irrigation through advancing movements. Then, the apical foramen was negotiated with C-Pilot files #10 and #15. The working length was measured using the iPex-II apex locator. The instrumentation was carried out with Reciproc R50 and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. One week later, a full-ceramic crown preparation was performed, and polyvinyl siloxane impression was carried out. A total of three follow-up sessions were performed after one week, one and twelve months. Bone neoformation was observed in the site of the periapical lesion and the patient had no signs or symptoms of any discomfort. Therefore, guided endodontics is indicated for severe calcified root canals.(AU)

O tecido pulpar pode sofrer calcificação por trauma, procedimentos cirúrgicos ou como resposta a lesões cariosas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar e discutir o acesso endodôntico guiado como opção de tratamento. Paciente do sexo feminino, 52 anos, com calcificação severa do canal radicular do dente 11 associada a lesão periapical radiolucida. Na primeira intervenção clínica, a coroa e o pino de metal foram removidos. Uma impressão digital e imagens de CBCT foram realizadas e importadas para o software de planejamento de implante (SimPlant Versão 11; Materialize Dental, Leuven, Bélgica) tentando projetar um modelo de acesso endodôntico guiado para permitir que a broca alcance uma distância de 2 mm antes do forame apical, uma vez impresso, foi testado na boca para avaliar sua inserção e estabilidade na arcada dentária. O canal radicular calcificado foi penetrado com broca de acesso girando por peça de mão de baixa velocidade (10.000 rpm) sob irrigação com solução salina por meio de movimentos de avanço. Em seguida, o forame apical foi negociado com as limas C-Pilot nº 10 e nº 15. O comprimento de trabalho foi determinado usando o localizador de ápice iPex-II. A instrumentação foi realizada com Reciproc R50 e hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%. Uma semana depois, foi realizado o preparo da coroa total em cerâmica e a moldagem com polivinilsiloxano. Um total de três sessões de acompanhamento foram realizadas após uma semana, um e doze meses. A neoformação óssea foi observada no local da lesão periapical e a paciente não apresentava sinais ou sintomas de qualquer desconforto. Portanto, o acesso endodôntico guiado é indicado para canais radiculares calcificados severamente.(AU)

Identification of dental calcification stages as a predictor of skeletal development phase

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to establish a correlation between the stages of tooth calcification of mandibular canines and second molars with the phases of skeletal development. Methods: In a consecutive series of panoramic, cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs of 113 individuals (60 females and 53 males) with an average age of 12.24 ± 1.81 years, the stages of mandibular canine and second molar calcification, cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMI) and skeletal maturity indicators (SMI) were classified. The variables were correlated by means of the Spearman's Rank test: chronological age, SMI, CVMI and tooth calcification stages. In order to assess whether the CVMI and tooth calcification stages were significant predictors of the SMI, an ordinal regression analysis was carried out. Results: The stages of CVMI (OR = 16.92; CI 95% = 6.45-44.39; p< 0.001) and calcification of the second molars (OR = 3.22; CI 95% = 1.50-6.92; p= 0.003) were significant predictors of SMI, however similar result was not observed for canines (OR = 0.52, CI 95% = 0.18-1.54; p= 0.239). Calcification stage E for boys, and E and F for girls corresponded to the pre-peak phase of pubertal growth. Stages G and H for boys, and F and G for girls coincided with peak of growth. In the final growth phase, the majority of second molars presented with root apex closure (stage H). Conclusion: The stages of calcification of the second molar may be considered predictors of the stage of skeletal development in the population studied.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou estabelecer uma correlação entre os estágios de calcificação dentária de caninos e segundos molares inferiores e as fases do desenvolvimento esquelético. Métodos: Em uma série consecutiva de radiografias panorâmicas, cefalométricas e de mão e punho de 113 indivíduos (60 meninas e 53 meninos) com idade média de 12,24 ± 1,81 anos, foram classificados os estágios de calcificação do canino e do segundo molar inferiores, indicadores de maturação das vértebras cervicais (IMVC) e indicadores de maturação esquelética (IME). As variáveis foram correlacionadas pelo teste de Correlação de Rank de Spearman: idade cronológica, IME, IMVC e estágios de calcificação dentária. A fim de avaliar se os estágios do IMVC e da calcificação dentária foram preditores significativos do IME, foi realizada uma análise de regressão ordinal. Resultados: Os estágios de IMVC (OR = 16,92; IC 95% = 6,45-44,39; p< 0,001) e calcificação dos segundos molares (OR = 3,22; IC 95% = 1,50-6,92; p= 0,003) foram preditores significativos de IME; no entanto, esse não foi o caso com dentes caninos (OR = 0,52, IC 95% = 0,18-1,54; p= 0,239). Os estágios de calcificação E para meninos e E e F para meninas corresponderam à fase pré-pico de crescimento puberal. Os estágios G e H para meninos e F e G para meninas coincidiram com o pico de crescimento. Na fase final de crescimento, a maioria dos segundos molares apresentou fechamento do ápice radicular (estágio H). Conclusão: Os estágios de calcificação do segundo molar podem ser considerados preditores do estágio de desenvolvimento esquelético na população estudada.

Calcificaciones de tejidos blandos: consideraciones diagnósticas / Soft tissue calcifications: diagnostic considerations

RESUMEN Introducción: Las calcificaciones en tejidos blandos se refieren al depósito de sales de calcio en tejidos que no incluye el hueso; son un conjunto de imágenes radiopacas que se pueden identificar fácilmente en una imagen radiográfica, generalmente la panorámica, siendo esta una de las técnicas más utilizadas en la práctica odontológica; la presencia de estas calcificaciones, de acuerdo con la localización, forma, tamaño y número, presumirá el tipo de tejido blando calcificado. Objetivo: Identificar los tipos de calcificaciones en tejidos blandos, su descripción en una imagen de diagnóstico dental y su probable asociación con una enfermedad sistémica subyacente. Métodos: Estudio de tipo descripción narrativa de la literatura en el que se buscaron publicaciones en las bases de datos PubMed y Google Scholar de artículos relacionados con calcificaciones en tejidos blandos desde enero de 2014 hasta mayo de 2019. Se utilizaron términos como calcificación, radiografía panorámica, tejidos blandos, entre otros. Análisis e integración de la información: La revisión resume de forma detallada varios tipos de calcificaciones, su implicación clínica y aspectos imagenológicos. Conclusiones: Las calcificaciones en tejidos blandos son entidades que se identifican como hallazgos en técnicas de imágenes dentales y que en muchas ocasiones pasan desapercibidas, esta revisión recalca que, es responsabilidad del radiólogo bucal y maxilofacial la identificación e información de estas calcificaciones, sin embargo, los odontólogos generales deben también familiarizarse con este tipo de entidad y de la misma forma informar a los pacientes(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Soft tissue calcifications are the accumulation of calcium salts in tissues other than bones. They are a set of radio-opacities easily identifiable on a radiographic image, generally the panoramic sort, this being one of the most commonly used techniques in dental practice. The presence of these calcifications in terms of their location, shape, size and number, will suggest the type of soft tissue calcified. Objective: Identify the types of soft tissue calcifications, their description on a dental diagnosis image and their probable association with an underlying systemic disease. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted of papers about soft tissue calcifications published in the databases PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2014 to May 2019. The search terms used included "calcification", "panoramic radiograph" and "soft tissues", among others. Data analysis and integration: The review is a detailed summary of several types of calcifications, their clinical implication and imaging features. Conclusions: Soft tissue calcifications are conditions identified as findings of dental image techniques which often go unnoticed. The revision stresses that it is the responsibility of oral and maxillofacial radiologists to identify and report these calcifications. However, general dental practitioners should also familiarize themselves with this sort of condition and likewise inform the patients(AU)

Evaluación radiográfica de la presencia/agenesia de terceros molares en una población infantil Mexicana / Radiographic Evaluation of the Presence/Agenesis of Third Molars in a Mexican Child Population

RESUMEN En el ser humano, el tercer molar es el órgano dentario que más variaciones presenta durante su desarrollo embriológico, y es causa de diversas alteraciones y malestares durante su proceso de erupción. Se ha señalado que la agenesia del tercer molar tiene una prevalencia entre 9 y 37%. El objetivo del presente estudio transversal comparativo fue evaluar radiográficamente la presencia/ausencia de gérmenes de terceros molares (G3M) en pacientes pediátricos de origen mexicano. Se analizaron 513 radiografías panorámicas de pacientes que asistieron al Posgrado en Estomatología Pediátrica de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (México), durante los años 2011 a 2017. Se tomaron como criterios de inclusión, pacientes entre los 7 y 18 años de edad, sexo indistinto; se excluyeron pacientes con antecedentes de extracción de alguno de los terceros molares, tratamiento ortodóntico previo, enfermedades congénitas y/o síndromes asociados. Se compararon las frecuencias y prevalencias de agenesia de terceros molares, en total y por cuadrantes, comparando por sexo y grupo de edad. 245 radiografías panorámicas correspondieron al sexo femenino y 268 al masculino. La prevalencia total de agenesia del G3M fue estimada en casi 56%, y el grupo de edad de 7-8 años mostró el mayor porcentaje; sin embargo, cuando este grupo de edad se excluyó del análisis, dicha prevalencia disminuyó a 27.3%. Los cuadrantes mandibulares mostraron mayor porcentaje de agenesia. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en la comparación por sexo. La prevalencia total de agenesia del G3M reportada en el presente estudio se encuentra muy por encima de los parámetros internacionales. Es muy posible que la falta de visualización radiográfica de agenesia de los terceros molares haya sido errónea en algunos casos debido a la ausencia frecuente de indicios de calcificación de este diente durante las edades tempranas (7-8 años). El análisis ajustado proporcionó un valor de prevalencia más acorde con los estándares reconocidos por la literatura dental.

ABSTRACT In the human being, third molar is the tooth that exhibits more variants during its embryologic development, usually causing diverse anomalies and discomfort when erupting to the oral cavity. It has been pointed out that the prevalence of third molar agenesis is between 9 to 37%. The aim of the present comparative cross- sectional study was to radiographically assess the presence/absence of third molar germs (G3M) in a sample of pediatric patients of Mexican origin. A total of 513 panoramic radiographs were analyzed from patients attending the Pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Program ( San Luis Potosí University, México), during the years 2011 to 2017. Inclusion criteria were patients between 7 and 18 years old, any gender; children with antecedents of a third molar extraction, previous orthodontic treatment, or with an associated congenital or systemic condition were excluded. Total prevalence G3M agenesis was calculated. Then, statistical comparisons of agenesia proportions per dental quadrant, gender, and age group were performed. 245 panoramic radiographs corresponded to the female gender, while 268 belonged to the male gender. The total prevalence of G3M agenesia was estimated in nearly 56%, and the 7-8 years old group exhibited the highest proportion; however, when this age group was excluded from the analysis, such prevalence decreased to 27.3%. Both mandibular quadrants showed higher proportions of G3M agenesia. There were no significant differences between genders. The total prevalence reported in the present study was found to be well above regarding the international parameters. It is quite possible that lack of radiographic visualization of G3M had been inaccurate in some cases due to the common absence of calcification traces from those teeth during early ages (7-8 years old). The adjusted analysis provided a prevalence value more in line with the recognized standards in the dental literature.

Calcificaciones pulpares en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Pulp calcifications in patients with diabetes mellitus

RESUMEN Introducción: Las células de la pulpa dental tienen la capacidad, ante estímulos locales y sistémicos, de activar a la osteopontina, formando calcificaciones pulpares, bloqueando los conductos radiculares y modificando la anatomía interna; de manera que se intensifican en personas con diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: Determinar si existe mayor presencia de calcificaciones a nivel de cámara pulpar en pacientes con diabetes mellitus versus pacientes sin diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los registros clínicos y las radiografías digitales periapicales de pacientes de las clínicas odontológicas de pregrado (Prótesis, Restauradora, Integral, Periodoncia) y de postgrado (Periodoncia e Implantología quirúrgica) de la Universidad Andrés Bello - Chile, entre los años 2017 y 2018. Se seleccionó una muestra de 617 dientes (45 pacientes) luego de ser aplicados los criterios de exclusión e inclusión en la base de datos clínica. La muestra completó dos grupos, grupo de casos (22 pacientes): dientes de pacientes con diabetes mellitus 228 dientes indemnes y el grupo de control (23 pacientes): dientes de pacientes sin diabetes mellitus 389 dientes indemnes. Se realizó una calibración previa entre los investigadores para la identificación y clasificación de calcificaciones pulpares durante el análisis radiográfico de estas. Se realizaron inferencias estadísticas de chi cuadrado para establecer significación de los resultados obtenidos. Resultados: Los dientes de 22 pacientes diabéticos presentaron más calcificaciones camerales que los dientes de 23 pacientes no diabéticos, para 50 por ciento de dientes calcificados en pacientes diabéticos (n=114) y 26 por ciento en pacientes no diabéticos (n=101); este resultado fue estadísticamente significativo (pvalor< 0,001). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus demostraron que son más propensos a formar calcificaciones camerales debido al aumento de glucosa presente en la sangre que activa a la osteopontina(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dental pulp cells have the capacity to respond to local and systemic stimuli by activating osteopontin, forming pulp calcifications, blocking root canals and modifying internal anatomy, in such a way that they intensify in people with diabetes mellitus. Objective: Determine whether there is a greater presence of calcifications in the pulp chamber of patients with diabetes mellitus vs. patients without diabetes mellitus. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional retrospective case-control study was conducted of medical records and digital periapical radiographs of patients attending undergraduate dental clinics (prosthesis, restoration, comprehensive, periodontics) and graduate dental clinics (periodontics and surgical implantology) of Andrés Bello University, Chile, in the period 2017-2018. A sample was selected of 617 teeth (45 patients) from the clinical database upon applying exclusion and inclusion criteria. The sample was divided into two groups: a case group, formed by 228 undamaged teeth from 22 patients with diabetes mellitus, and a control group, formed by 389 undamaged teeth from 23 patients without diabetes mellitus. Prior calibration was performed by the researchers to identify and classify the pulp calcifications during their radiographic analysis. Chi-squared statistical inferences were made to establish the significance of the results obtained. Results: The teeth from the 22 diabetic patients had more chamber calcifications than the teeth from the 23 nondiabetic patients, for 50 percent calcified teeth in diabetic patients (n= 114) and 26 percent in nondiabetic patients (n= 101). This result was statistically significant (p-value< 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with diabetes mellitus were found to be more prone to form chamber calcifications, due to the increase in glucose present in the blood which activates osteopontin(AU)

Relationship between cervical vertebral maturation and dental development in a sample of yemeni children and adolescents / Relación entre la maduración vertebral cervical y el desarrollo dental en una muestra de niños y adolescentes yemeníes

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between dental development and cervical vertebral maturation stages in a group of Yemeni children and adolescents. Materials an Methods: The study included digital panoramic radiographs and lateral skull cephalograms obtained from 207 Yemeni subjects­122 females and 85 males aged between 8 to 18 years. Dental maturity was evaluated according to the method of Demirijian et al., calcification stages of the left mandibular canines, first and second premolars and second molars were assessed. Skeletal maturity was assessed by the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages according to the method of Baccetti et al. Correlation between CVM and dental maturation was evaluated by Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (SROCC). Results: CVM and dental calcification stages were highly correlated (p<0.001) in both genders, ranging from 0.686 to 0.873 for females and 0.787 to 0.871 for males. Calcification stages of the second molars showed the strongest correlation with CVM. Conclusion: Calcification stages of the second molar may be used as a reliable maturation indicator. Dental maturation may be applied to determine the skeletal maturity status of Yemeni children and adolescents.

Objetivo: Este estudio se realizó para investigar la relación entre el desarrollo dental y las etapas de maduración vertebral cervical en un grupo de niños y adolescentes yemeníes. Material y Métodos: El estudio incluyó radiografías panorámicas digitales y cefalogramas laterales del cráneo obtenidos de 207 sujetos yemeníes: 122 mujeres y 85 hombres de entre 8 y 18 años. La madurez dental se evaluó de acuerdo con el método de Demirijian et al. Se evaluaron las etapas de calcificación de los caninos mandibulares izquierdos, primer y segundo premolares y segundos molares. La madurez esquelética se evaluó mediante las etapas de maduración vertebral cervical (CVM) de acuerdo con el método de Baccetti et al. La correlación entre la CVM y la maduración dental se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de orden de rango de Spearman (SROCC). Resultado: Las etapas de CVM y calcificación dental estuvieron altamente correlacionadas (p<0.001) en ambos sexos, con un rango de 0.686 a 0.873 para las mujeres y 0.787 a 0.871 para los hombres. Las etapas de calcificación de los segundos molares mostraron la correlación más fuerte con CVM. Conclusión: las etapas de calcificación del segundo molar pueden usarse como un indicador de maduración confiable. La maduración dental puede aplicarse para determinar el estado de madurez esquelética de los niños y adolescentes yemeníes.

Radiographic Characteristics of Soft Tissue Calcification on Digital Panoramic Images

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence of soft tissue calcifications and their panoramic radiographic characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study evaluated 2027 panoramic radiographs. The type and location of calcifications and the age and gender of patients were evaluated by two radiologists. Data were analyzed via SPSS and the Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Kappa tests were used to compare the categorical demographic variables among the groups. The confidence interval was set to 95% and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of calcified stylohyoid ligament was 11.24%. This value was 3.99% for tonsillolith, 1.33% for calcified carotid plaque, 0.69% for antrolith, 0.39% for calcified lymph node, 0.29% for phleboliths, and 0.19% for sialoliths. The prevalence of these conditions had no significant association with gender or age (p=0.102). The prevalence of bilateral calcified stylohyoid ligament, tonsillolith, and a calcified carotid plaque was significantly higher (p<0.001). The most prevalent type of calcified stylohyoid ligament, according to O'Carroll's classification, belonged to types 1, 4, 3 and 2 (p<0.001). The most commonly observed radiographic pattern was multiple, well-defined tonsilloliths (75.3%, p<0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of soft tissue calcifications on panoramic radiographs was relatively low in this Iranian population. The most calcifications were respectively calcified stylohyoid ligament, tonsillolith, calcified carotid plaque, antrolith, calcified lymph node, phleboliths and sialoliths. Calcified stylohyoid ligament, tonsillolith and calcified carotid plaque were more bilaterally. Thereby panoramic imaging can help in primary assessment, epidemiologic and screening evaluation of these calcifications.

Prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in cone beam computed tomography images in the region of head and neck / Prevalência de calcificações de tecidos moles em exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of calcifications in the soft tissues of the cervical-facial region using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Material and Methods: two hundred and ten CBCT exames was analyzed by 01 examiner previously trained, with fild of view (FOV) of 16 x 13 cm and voxel of 0.25 mm, in ICAT Vision software (Imaging Science International, Hatfield, PA, USA) in coronal, axial and sagittal sections. The following calcifications were evaluated: tonsiloliths, sialolites, calcification of the styloid complex, calcified carotid atheromas, calcifications in laryngeal cartilages, calcified lymph nodes and osteoma cutis. The findings were tabulated according to the total of the sample, related to the gender, age group of the individuals. Results: Calcification of the styloid complex was the most frequent in the sample studied in both genres (39.04%), followed by the presence of tonsiloliths (19.52%), and calcified lymph nodes (6,67%). Conclusion: calcifications are frequent radiographic findings in CBCT and important for the diagnosis of some possible pathologies that do not present clinical symptoms (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar por meio de imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) a prevalência de calcificações em tecidos moles da região cérvicofacial. Material e Métodos: os exames foram avaliados por um examinador, previamente treinado que avaliou 210 exames de TCFC, com campo de visão (FOV) de 16 x 13 cm e voxel de 0,25 mm. Os exames foram avaliados no software ICAT Vision (Imaging Science International, Hatfield, PA, Estados Unidos da América) em cortes coronais, axiais e sagitais. As seguintes calcificações foram avaliadas: tonsilolitos, sialolitos, calcificação do complexo estiloide, ateromas da carótida calcificados, calcificações na cartilagens laríngeas, nódulos linfáticos calcificados e osteoma cútis. Os achados foram tabulados de acordo com o total da amostra, relativos ao gênero e faixa etária dos indivíduos. Resultados: a calcificação do processo estiloide foi a mais frequente na amostra estudada em ambos os sexos, seguido da presença dos tonsilolitos e linfonodos calcificados. Conclusão: as calcificações de tecidos moles são achados radiográficos frequentes na TCFC e importantes para diagnósticos de algumas possíveis patologias que não apresentam sintomatologia clínica.(AU)

Mineralización de tejidos blandos en radiografías panorámicas / Mineralization of Soft Tissues in Panoramic Radiographies

RESUMEN Introducción: La prevalencia de condiciones patológicas que se presentan como radiopacidades a nivel de los tejidos blandos en radiografias panorámicas es una problemática que se da a nivel mundial de la población, siendo este hallazgo radiográfico el diagnóstico inicial de otras afecciones sistémicas. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la frecuencia de radiopacidades mineralizadas que se encuentran a nivel de los tejidos blandos en radiografías panorámicas. Metodología: se analizó 347 radiografías de pacientes mayores de 20 años atendidos en la Clínica Docente Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Sede Azogues, Ecuador desde diciembre del 2017 hasta mayo del 2018. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia del 0% de tonsilolitos y anteromas, 1% de ganglios linfáticos calcificados y de antrolitos, 2% de sialolitos, 4% de calcificaciones del ligamento estilohioideo unilateral, 23% de calcificaciones del ligamento estilohioideo bilateral y 65% no presentaron calcificaciones de los tejidos blandos. Conclusión: se pudo identificar que las radiopacidades más frecuentes a nivel de los tejidos blandos es el del proceso estilohioideo calcificado bilateral.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of pathological conditions that appear as radiopacities at the level of the soft tissues in panoramic radiographs is a problem that occurs worldwide in the population, being this radiographic finding the initial diagnosis of other systemic affections. Objectives: the aim of this research was to identify the frequency of mineralized radiopacities that are found at the soft tissue level in panoramic radiographs. Material and methods: it was analyzed 347 radiographs of patients over 20 years of age, treated in the "Clínica Docente Odontológica" of the Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Sede Azogues, Ecuador from December 2017 to may 2018. Results: a prevalence of 0% of tonsillolith and atheroma was found, 1% of calcified lymph nodes and of electrolytes, 2% of sialolith, 4% of unilateral stylohyoid ligament calcification, 23% of calcification of bilateral stylohyoid ligament and 65% did not present calcifications of the soft tissues. Conclusion: it was possible to identify that the most frequent radiopacity at soft tissue level is the calcified bilateral stylohyoid process.

Endodontia guiada como alternativa para o tratamento de canais severamente calcificados / Guided endodontics as an alternative for the treatment of severely calcified canals

ntrodução: a calcificação pulpar é um dos fatores que tornam o tratamento endodôntico desafiador e capaz de comprometer o acesso dos instrumentos e soluções irrigadoras por toda extensão do canal radicular, impossibilitando sua adequada desinfecção. A Endodontia Guiada traz mais previsibilidade e segurança ao tratamento endodôntico nessa situação complexa. Métodos: uma vez constatada calcificação severa com necessidade de intervenção endodôntica, o paciente é encaminhado ao centro radiológico para o planejamento da Endodontia Guiada. Um modelo 3D da arcada a ser tratada é obtido por meio de um scanner de bancada e, posteriormente, transferido para um software de planejamento virtual de implante. A TCFC é adicionada a esse software e ambas são sobrepostas, com base em estruturas visíveis radiograficamente. O software Simplant é programado para projetar uma broca física, utilizada para o acesso endodôntico guiado, sobreposta virtualmente à calcificação do canal radicular. De posse da guia impressa, essa é posicionada na arcada do paciente e o procedimento clínico, executado. Conclusão: a técnica de Endodontia Guiada é rápida, previsível e clinicamente viável. Além disso, pode ser executada por profissionais menos experientes, não necessitando da utilização de microscópio operatório (AU).

Introduction: Pulp calcification is one of the factors that make endodontic treatment challenging and capable of compromising access of instruments and irrigant solutions to the entire extension of the root canal, making it impossible to disinfect it adequately. Guided endodontics makes the endodontic treatment more predictable and safer in this complex situation. Materials and Methods: Once severe calcification requiring endodontic intervention has been found, the patient is referred to the radiology center for the planning of guided endodontics. A 3D model of the arch to be treated is obtained by means of a bench scanner, afterwards transferred to a virtual implant planning software program. The CBCT is added to this software and both are superimposed on the basis of radiographically visible structures. The Simplant software is programmed to project a physical bur used for guided endodontic access, virtually superimposed on the root canal calcification. Once the printed guide has been obtained, it is positioned in the patient's arch and the clinical procedure is performed. Conclusion: The guided endodontic technique is easy, predictable and clinically feasible to perform. Moreover, it may be performed by less experienced professionals, and does not require the use of an operating microscope (AU).

O uso do Endoguide no tratamento de canais calcificados: relatos de casos clínicos / The use of Endoguide for treatment of calcified root canals: clinical case reports

Introdução: o tratamento endodôntico em dentes com canais calcificados é extremamente desafiador. Durante o procedimento de localização do canal residual, uma quantidade excessiva de dentina pode ser removida, o que pode implicar em maior risco de fratura do elemento dentário. Somado a isso, a calcificação pulpar é o motivo mais comum de perfuração radicular durante o tratamento endodôntico. Métodos: tendo em vista a importância do desenvolvimento de técnicas seguras e precisas para o tratamento endodôntico de canais parcial ou totalmente calcificados, serão apresentados dois relatos de casos clínicos conduzidos segundo uma estratégia terapêutica recentemente descrita na literatura endodôntica. Resultados: o Endoguide tornou mais segura e eficaz a realização do tratamento endodôntico nos dois casos relatados. Conclusão: o guia endodôntico auxiliou na localização do canal radicular calcificado e ajudou a evitar iatrogenias durante sua localização (AU).

Introduction: Endodontic treatment in teeth with calcified root canals is extremely challenging. During the procedure of locating the root canal, an excessive amount of residual dentin can be removed, which may lead to a greater risk of tooth fracture. In addition, pulp calcification is the most common reason for root perforation during endodontic treatment. Methods: Considering the importance of developing safe and efficient techniques for endodontic treatment of partially or completely calcified root canals, these two clinical cases were conducted in accordance with the therapeutic strategy recently described in the endodontic literature. Results: Endoguide made endodontic treatment safer and more effective in the two reported cases Conclusion: The endodontic guide used in the present cases have helped to locate the calcified root canal and to prevent iatrogenies during location (AU).

Assessment of skeletal maturity using the calcification stages of permanent mandibular teeth

Abstract Introduction: Knowledge of the growth status of patients is essential to formulate and initiate a precise treatment plan. This study aimed at determining the role of calcification of permanent mandibular teeth for the assessment of skeletal maturity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using lateral cephalograms and dental panoramic radiographs of 360 patients (ages 7-18 years) equally divided into six groups according to cervical vertebral maturation stages. Skeletal age was determined using Baccetti et al. method and dental age was calculated using Nolla and Demirjian methods. Results: Mean chronological stage at CS5 revealed a significant difference between male and female subjects (p= 0.003), which showed that the latter achieved skeletal maturity one year earlier than the former. A significant difference (p= 0.007) was found for dental age using Nolla's stages at CS3, which showed females demonstrated a dental age of 1.4 years less than males. Mandibular canine showed the highest correlation with Demirjian index (DI) in males (rho = 0.818) and females (rho = 0.833). Mandibular second premolar showed the highest correlation with Nolla's stages in males (rho = 0.654) and females (rho = 0.664). Conclusion: Comparisons between sexes revealed that females are skeletally and dentally advanced. The DI indicated stage F and Nolla's stages identified stages 9, 10 to be indicative of CS2-3 for the mandibular canine and stages F and G and 9-10 for CS2-3 for the first premolars, second premolars and second molars, respectively.

Resumo Introdução: o conhecimento acerca do status de crescimento dos pacientes é essencial para se formular e iniciar um plano de tratamento preciso. Esse estudo teve como meta determinar a correlação entre a calcificação dos dentes inferiores permanentes e a avaliação da maturação esquelética. Métodos: um estudo transversal foi conduzido utilizando-se radiografias laterais e panorâmicas das arcadas de 360 pacientes (idades entre 7 e 18 anos), igualmente divididos em seis grupos, de acordo com os estágios de maturação esquelética das vértebras cervicais. A idade esquelética foi determinada utilizando-se o método de Baccetti, e a idade dentária foi calculada utilizando-se os métodos de Nolla e Demirjian. Resultados: o estágio cronológico médio em CS5 revelou uma diferença significativa entre os indivíduos do sexo masculino e do feminino (p= 0,003), demonstrando que as meninas alcançavam a maturação esquelética um ano antes dos meninos. Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa (p= 0,007) para a idade dentária utilizando-se os estágios de Nolla em CS3, o que revelou que as meninas exibiam uma idade dentária 1,4 anos inferior à dos meninos. Os caninos inferiores demonstraram a maior correlação com o índice de Demirjian (DI) tanto em indivíduos do sexo masculino (rho = 0,818) quanto do feminino (rho = 0,833). Já os segundos pré-molares inferiores revelaram a maior correlação com os estágios de Nolla, tanto em meninos (rho = 0,654) quanto em meninas (rho = 0,664). Conclusão: as comparações entre os sexos revelaram que as mulheres são mais precoces tanto no desenvolvimento dentário quanto no esquelético. O DI indicou o estágio F, e o método de Nolla identificou os estágios 9 e 10 como indicativos de CS2-3, para os caninos inferiores; e os estágios F e G, e 9 e 10 para CS2-3, para os primeiros e segundos pré-molares, e segundos molares, respectivamente.

Relationship between dental age, chronological age and cervical vertebral maturation in children and adolescents from Bucaramanga, Colombia

Objective: to determine the relationship between chronological age and dental age using Demirjian's method and Baccetti's method of cervical vertebral maturation in radiographs of children and adolescents aged 5 to 16 years in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia. methods: an analytical observational cross-sectional study was performed in 1385 cephalometric and panoramic radiographs of 775 females and 610 males. sex, dental age according to the Demirjian's method, chronological age and degree of maturation of the cervical vertebrae according to Baccetti's method were analyzed. the univariate analysis included the calculation of measures of central tendency for quantitative variables, and frequencies and proportions for qualitative variables. spearman correlation coefficients were calculated in the bivariate analysis. in the multivariate analysis a multiple linear regression was performed. a value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. results: the mean chronological age was 10.8±3.3 years [Median: 11; 95 percent CI:10.6-10.6]. there was no statistically significant difference according to sex (p=0.3409). the mean of the differences between dental age and chronological age was 0.60±1.44 years. there was a strong and positive correlation between dental age and chronological age with each stage of maturation. females reached skeletal maturity at an earlier age. conclusions: chronological age shows a direct and positive relationship with dental age and stages of skeletal maturation in a colombian population.

Toxicity assessment and chemical properties of dolomite for use in dentistry / Avaliação da toxicidade e propriedades químicas da dolomita para uso na odontologia

The dolomite (DMT) can affect the metabolism of calcium and hydroxyl ions mineralization. To evaluate the toxicity, chemical properties and release of calcium and magnesium ions about 4 samples of DMT: Bioficina® - DMT I, Flora Pinhais® - DMT II, Dolomitex® - DMT III and Gran-White - DMT IV and hydroxide calcium PA (Biodinâmica® - HCA). Through bioassay Artemia Salina, hydrogen potential (pH), atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of 4 samples of DMT was verified that the samples are suitable for potential use in dental materials. XRD and XRF techniques allowed to characterize the spatial conformation of the unit cell of dolomite, crystalline phases, mass percentage of chemical elements present in the samples. The presence of crystalline phases in addition to DMT has been identified as quartz and calcite. Impurities were detected in small amounts (Fe, K, Sr, Tm, S, Cu) and HCa to expectations about 100% portlandite. The pH was measured at concentrations of 1000 µg/mL;750 µg/mL;500 µg/mL;250 µg/ml and 100 ug/ml of the diluted crude extract of the sample at initial (0) and the periods of 24 and 168 hours wich were characterized in alkalinity pattern. In the interpretation of XRD and XRF tests have been detected the presence of silica, calcite and impurities besides the pure DMT in trace amounts in 2 samples while HCa to expectations of approximately 100% portlandite. To determine the toxicity was used the alternative method of lethal concentration 50 (CL50) with the bioassay model Artemia Salina. It resulted in low level of toxicity of DMTs with insignificant difference between times 24 and 48 hours. There was a release of 100ppm calcium and 32 ppm magnesium ions. None of the samples showed a significant percentage of other constituents considered harmful to health. It could be concluded that DMT is non-toxic, alkaline pH, considerable release of calcium ions, with crystalline phase that is characterized as a potential dental use.

A dolomita (DMT) afeta o metabolismo da mineralização por dissociação em íons cálcio e hidroxila. Avaliar a toxicidade, propriedades químicas e liberação de íons cálcio e magnésio de 4 amostras comerciais: Bioficina® - DMT I, Flora Pinhais® - DMT II, Dolomitex® - DMT III e Gran-White­DMT IV e do hidróxido de cálcio PA(Biodinâmica® - HCa). Com bioensaio Artemia Salina, potencial Hidrogeniônico(pH), absorção atômica, difração de raios X(DRX) e fluorescência de raios X(FRX) foi verificada a adequação do uso potencial para materiais odontológicos. DRX e FRX caracterizaram as fases cristalinas e percentual em massa de elementos químicos. Foi identificada a presença de fases cristalinas além da DMT, como quartzo e calcita. Impurezas foram detectadas e o HCa correspondeu às expectativas de aproximadamente 100% portlandita. O pH foi aferido em concentrações de 1000µg/mL;750µg/mL;500µg/mL;250 µg/mL e 100µg/mL do extrato bruto diluído das amostras nos tempos inicial (0) e 24 e 168horas. Sendo caracterizados no padrão de alcalinidade, DRX e FRX detectaram a presença de sílica, calcita e impurezas em quantidades mínimas em 2 das amostras e o HCa correspondeu às expectativas de aproximadamente 100% de portlandita. A toxicidade resultou em baixo índice com diferença insignificante entre os tempos 24 e 48h. Em média, ocorreu a liberação de íons: 100ppm de cálcio e 32ppm de magnésio. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou porcentagem significativa de constituintes considerados prejudiciais à saúde. Pôde-se concluir que a DMT é atóxica, pH alcalino, considerável liberação de íons cálcio, de fase cristalina que a caracteriza como potencial uso odontológico.

Relationship between dental calcification and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample

ABSTRACT Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation in a Peruvian sample. Methods: panoramic, cephalometric and carpal radiographs of 78 patients (34 girls and 44 boys) between 7 and 17 years old (9.90 ± 2.5 years) were evaluated. Stages of tooth calcification of the mandibular canine, first premolar, second premolar, and second molar and the skeletal maturation with a hand-wrist and a cervical vertebrae method were assessed. The relationships between the stages were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Additionally, the associations of mandibular and pubertal growth peak stages with tooth calcification were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Results: all teeth showed positive and statistically significant correlations, the highest correlation was between the mandibular second molar calcification stages with hand-wrist maturation stages (r = 0.758, p < 0.001) and with vertebrae cervical maturation stages (r = 0.605, p < 0.001). The pubertal growth spurt was found in the G stage of calcification of the second mandibular molar, and the mandibular growth peak was found in the F stage of calcification of the second molar. Conclusion: there was a positive relationship between dental calcification stages and skeletal maturation stages by hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods in the sample studied. Dental calcification stages of the second mandibular molar showed the highest positive correlation with the hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae stages.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a correlação entre o estágio de calcificação dentária e a maturação esquelética, em uma amostra de indivíduos peruanos. Métodos: radiografias panorâmicas, cefalométricas e carpais de 78 pacientes (34 meninas e 44 meninos) com idades entre 7 e 17 anos (média = 9,90 ± 2,5 anos) foram avaliadas. Nelas, avaliaram-se os estágios de calcificação dentária (canino, primeiro pré-molar, segundo pré-molar e segundo molar inferiores) e de maturação esquelética, pelas avaliações radiográficas da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. As correlações entre esses estágios foram avaliadas usando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Adicionalmente, a associação entre os estágios em que ocorreram os picos de crescimento mandibular e de crescimento puberal e o grau de calcificação dentária foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: todos os dentes demonstraram correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas. A correlação mais elevada foi verificada entre o estágio de calcificação do segundo molar inferior e o estágio de maturação esquelética da mão e do punho (r= 0,758, p < 0,001) e o estágio de maturação das vértebras cervicais (r = 0,605, p < 0,001). O surto de crescimento puberal foi identificado no estágio G de calcificação do segundo molar inferior, e o pico de crescimento mandibular foi detectado no estágio F de calcificação do segundo molar. Conclusão: na amostra estudada, houve uma correlação positiva entre os estágios de calcificação dentária e os estágios de maturação esquelética avaliada nas radiografias de mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais. Os estágios de calcificação dentária do segundo molar inferior demonstraram a mais alta correlação positiva com os estágios de maturação da mão e punho e das vértebras cervicais.

Avaliação da mineralização dos segundos molares inferiores como parâmetro para a classificação da idade biológica / Evaluation of the mineralization of permanent second molars as a parameter to classify the biological age of the individual

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se a mineralização dos segundos molares inferiores permanentes pode ser usado como parâmetro para classificar a idade biológica do indivíduo. A amostra foi constituída por 129 radiografias panorâmicas, sendo 71 indivíduos do sexo feminino e 58 indivíduos do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 7 anos à 12 anos e 1 mês. Para a análise da mineralização dental foi utilizada a tabela proposta por Nolla (1960). Os resultados da análise foram documentados numa planilha do programa Microsoft Excel 2010 contendo o nome completo, data de nascimento, data da tomada radiográfica, idade em anos e meses, número do prontuário, estágio de Nolla (1960) lado direito e lado esquerdo. Foi realizada a análise estatística (Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon e correlação de Spearman) e pôde-se concluir que na amostra estudada não foi encontrado dimorfismo sexual, que a mineralização dentária ocorre de forma similar do lado direito e esquerdo, e que a mineralização dos segundos molares inferiores permanentes podem ser usadas como parâmetro para estimar a idade biológica e cronológica de um indivíduo.(AU)

This paper aimed to evaluate if the mineralization of permanent second molars can be used as a parameter to classify the biological age of the individual. The sample was composed of 129 panoramic radiographs, being 71 females and 58 males, aged 7 years and 12 years and 1 month. For the analysis of dental mineralization it was used a table proposed by Nolla (1960) with X-rays on the negatoscope (light box). The analysis results were documented in a Excel spreadsheet containing the full name, date of birth, date of the radiographic procedure, age in years and months, medical record number, stage of Nolla (1960) right and left side. Performed a statistical analysis, we concluded in our survey that the tooth mineralization occurs similarly in the right and left side, there is a certain precocity when compared to chronological age and the stage of mineralization in females compared to males. We also conclude that within the same chronological age, girls and boys have different mineralization stages, indicating that the dental mineralization can be used to identify the biological age, and the same is poorly correlated with chronological age.(AU)

Relación entre la edad cronológica y la mineralización del tercer molar inferior según método de Demirjian / Relationship between chronological age and mineralization of the lower third molar according to Demirjian stages

Objetivos: Relacionar la edad cronológica y la mineralización del tercer molar inferior según los estadios de Demirjian en radiografías panorámicas digitales. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo evaluando 1176 radiografías panorámicas digitales del Servicio de Radiología de la Clínica Dental de la Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, entre los años 2011 y 2012. Los casos tenían entre 7 - 23 años de edad. Resultados: En la pieza 38, el estadio D presentó una edad promedio de 14,05 ± 1,35 años para el sexo femenino y 13,42 ± 1,30 años para el sexo masculino. El tercer molar inferior en el sexo masculino presentó una maduración ligeramente anterior que el sexo femenino, esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en los estadios D, E, F, G y H. No se encontró diferencia entre los estadios de Demirjian de la pieza 38 y 48. En el estadio H el 100% del sexo femenino y el 99,1% del sexo masculino tuvieron 18 o más años. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que el método de Demirjian, para evaluar la mineralización del tercer molar, puede ser una herramienta útil en el estudio de la edad cronológica.

Objectives: To relate the chronological age and the mineralization of the lower third molar according to Demirjian stages on digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, evaluating 1176 digital panoramic radiographs from the Dental Clinic radiology area of the School of Dentistry at Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, between 2011 and 2012. The cases were aged 7-23 years. Results: In tooth 38, the stage D represented an average age of 14.05 ± 1.35 years for females and 13.42 ± 1.30 years for males. The third molar presented a slightly earlier maturation in males than in females, this difference was statistically signifi cant in stages D, E, F, G and H. No difference was found between the stages of Demirjian in teeth 38 and 48. In stage H 100% female and 99.1% male had 18 or more years. Conclusions: The results suggest that using Demirjian stages to assess the mineralization of third molar can be a useful tool in chronological age study.

Development of dental charts according to tooth development and eruption for Turkish children and young adults

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to develop dental charts for Turkish children and young adults of both genders within the age group of 4.5-22.5 years according to tooth mineralization and eruption in a format similar to that proposed by AlQahtani et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 753 digital panoramic radiographs from 350 males and 403 females were assessed. The permanent teeth were evaluated according to the classification system described by Demirjian et al. The eruption stage was assessed with Bengston's system, which was modified by AlQahtani et al at four points. RESULTS: Teeth generally developed earlier in females than in males. This was particularly notable in the age group of 5-14 years. However, this difference was usually visible in only one stage, not in all teeth. It has been determined that the mixed dentition period ended with the shedding of the second deciduous molars in both genders. CONCLUSION: The dental charts presented here included information that could be beneficial to dental clinicians in making appropriate diagnosis and planning orthodontic and surgical procedures. These charts also provided datasets for preliminary dental age estimation in Turkish children and young adults.

Study on in vitro biomineralization of enamel-binding peptide / 生物医学工程学杂志

We present the binding ability of a new peptide (CMPQVMPMC-) with dental enamel after being evaluated in the present study. Under a standard procedure, the recovery of M13 filamentous phage was greatly enhanced by displaying the peptide in phage coat protein p III. Then the cyclic peptide was synthesized using a solid method. The effect of the cyclic peptide in vitro biomineralization was tested in a single-diffusion microtiter plate gel system. Absorbance at 405 nm of each sample was recorded for 24 h at every 6 h intervals. The relatively increased values of each sample were expressed as percentages relative to the blank group (100%). The cyclic peptide resulted in a concentration-dependent delayed nucleation. In addition, the overall values of peptide groups at the end of 24 h were lower than those in the control group but much higher than those in the BSA control group.